Developing educational leadership in study circle Essay

As previously mentioned, Study Circle leaders are highly look upon as respectable individuals in the program. Even though the leader is just a representative or could be consider as equal among others, it could not be deny that their role is crucial in the success of the Study Circle. According to Blid (2000), there are two main functions that can be used to identify a leader. One is the ability to secure that studies progress smoothly and two, the ability promote a positive social climate during meetings. The first characteristic of the leader implies that he is willing to set aside his personal time to ensure that the program would run smoothly and effectively. However, the Study Circle was created to work collectively and each member is expected to be responsible for their own progress so it doesn’t mean that the Study Circle leader should do everything. He is just their in order to guide the participants in accordance with the program. Most of his organizational functions could be consider as presidential or secretarial work (Bjerkaker, 2003). The second functions or commonly known as the social and emotional role of the leader is consider as an important tool in developing a positive atmosphere of cooperation and respect wherein everyone would feel at ease while learning (Blid, 1990)). A Study Circle leader may be the key to an inspiring first meeting or a failure leader would cause the Study Circle to lose some of its members or participants. In order to carry out those two functions, Kindstorm (2002) cited some tasks that would help them perform their task. They are the following: 1) Helping the participants in strengthening their self-confidence; 2) Developing team spirit so that participants would feel welcome and secure; 3) Putting the participants own development in focus and ask the right questions; 4) On the process of knowledge, applying common views from time to time will help the participants to apply what they have learn in different situations of their everyday life; 5) Preventing competition by promoting cooperation among the participants; 6) Encouraging the participants to discuss solutions and ask questions among other through dialogues; 7) Making different options very clear; The leader will always play a crucial role in the interplay of the group. He/she, for an instance, need to face problems that could inhibit the members from participating in activities or learning from the program. The course subject that the Study Circle will tackle will be in accordance to the leader’s general knowledge. On the other hand, Study Circle leaders are considered as unpaid work since it is look upon as part of their engagement in a voluntary organization (Persson, 2006). However there are some who get paid but most of them are either retired or were specifically hired for the job due to certain circumstances. Most Study Circle leaders do have ordinary employment and their only few who are consider as full time Study Circle leaders and most of them are teachers. Methodology Introduction A multiplicity of concepts and ideas may bring confusion in terms of meanings. Clarity of key concepts, ideas and how could they be applied after the study would be an important parts in determining whether they are qualitative or quantitative. The purpose is to generate information about the application of the research design and its method to the current study. Research Design By focusing on textual data and spoken word rather than relying in numerical data and statistical method, qualitative research is meant to describe human experiences in various subjects and topics. The multiple perspectives of each participant are the direct source of data for this research design. By analyzing frequent phrases, patterns or statements from the participants, the researchers are in the process of developing a theory or foundation needed for the study. Furthermore, this procedure may often produce additional information that could start further research. In order to carry out their goal, the researchers should observe and jot down notes during the process of the research (Patton, 2002). According to Patton (2002), qualitative design is very tedious and time consuming. Researchers are force to adapt to the participants conditions and situations in order to extract the information they needed without jeopardizing the content and value of the data. However, analysis of data could pose as a major threat to the success of the study. After being influence by the participant’s environment, interpretation of this data could be subject to biases and personal opinions of researchers (Myers, 2002). However, the risk of taking this design lies in its descriptive reports and explorations of human views that could offer the future readers of the study a better understanding of the problem. Research Method While the Study Circle shall be used as a method, the characteristics of Focus Group Discussion to capture multiple perspectives of different participants at the same time will be useful in this study. Similar to the Study Circle, by assembling group of people to discuss certain topic, focus group discussion could generate social interactions between these people that are not acquainted with each other (Heiskanen, 2008). By generating interactions among them and seeing it evolve, various ideas and concepts are generated at the same time. Ideas and concepts are being generated through a communal process wherein participants could share and elaborate their viewpoints about the subject and concern topics. Furthermore, researchers could understand how participants handle, react and approach the issue being presented to them by observing, recording and analyzing the interaction and discussion of the group (Heiskanen, 2008). Multiple ideas and concept necessary to form the foundation of the school-community framework could be supplied by focus group discussion while minimizing time and cost for the research. Furthermore, the concept of Study Circles and focus group discussion are parallel with each other, thus preventing overlaps of information.

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Hello Mr Negru Welcome to Vodafone and thanks for choosing us. We know sometimes it's the small things that can make your mobile experience even better. So, below you'll find help on setting up your phone and information on the wide range of benefits you can enjoy on Vodafone. In this email you'll also find information on what you get with your price plan and any extras you might have added.We hope you'll have a great time with Vodafone, but if you're not happy with your device, you'll need to go back to he company you bought it from to find out what to do next. Once again, welcome to Vodafone and thanks for choosing us. Vodafone Customer Services team Your account details Account number 687970078 Mobile number 07449659303 Contract start 14-jun-13 Minimum commitment end UK minutes UK texts UNLIMITED UK internet 500MB Monthly line rental E43.OO Voice calls, internet and messaging within the UK from UK mobiles Standard UK call charges Cost per minute (1 minute minimum call charge) Call s to any Vodafone I-JK mobile, standard UK landline starting 01, 02, 03) and voicemail 35P Other mobile networks within the UK Non-geographic numbers (starting Non-geographic numbers (starting 0845 and 0870) 14p Freefone numbers starting.

A Great Controversy Among Historians About the Figure of Louis XIV Research Paper

A Great Controversy Among Historians About the Figure of Louis XIV - Research Paper Example Louis XIV thought that his entire life has to be the walk of a great king in a great country, the entire country being resumed in his divine-right, absolute monarch. It is possible that he never said the famous statement historians had always attributed to him, â€Å"L’à ¨tat, c’est Moi† (I am the state). But, as Jacques Bousset and Jean Domat1 were theorizing (Domat 1829), he considered himself to be God’s instrument on earth, and clearly felt that the state was his patrimony, as J. Nathan suggests (The Virginia Quarterly Review, J. Nathan). In his letters to his heirs, he explains his thought: â€Å"†¦A king works for himself when he has the state in mind, and the welfare of the one enhances the glory of the other†. Bearing this idea in mind, he devoted his life to the achievement of his glory and, therefore, of the glory of France. And he believed that war was the main mean to achieve his greatness. Through all the wars he sustained during his life, he tried to force all European nations to accept the French hegemony. He never really worked to establish a harmonic co-existence with other European nations (The Virginia Quarterly Review, J. Nathan). He did steer France through a series of wars in order to dictate Europe his idea of order: all nations united under the legitimate hegemony of France. Diplomacy was in his hands only a mean to keep enemies occupied while he prepared the army, and nobody was better than him in betraying his own words. As once he wrote to his ambassador: â€Å"†¦there are hardly any words in the world so clear..that do not have some exceptions and contrary reasons†¦Ã¢â‚¬ .

Rhetoric and stereotype essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rhetoric and stereotype - Essay Example 216), which is dangerous, because our perception influences our attitude and behavior towards people. â€Å"Certainly, no one objects to generalizations as long as they stay at that level and are grounded in palpable fact. Who would deny that there are categories such as rebellious teenagers, reserved Englishmen, or excitable Latinos, even though exceptions abound (Kreyche, 1996, p. 98)† not unless off course, if they are used negatively. For example, calling someone a senior citizen because you would like to impress his/her old-agedness connoting physical and mental unfitness, or comparing someone to a politician because you perceived him/her to be liar, manipulator and power hunger are negative stereotypes. Stereotyping is dangerous when it is predetermined in pursuit of one’s vested interest. This is especially so if stereotype is consciously used for political persecution. The most common example today is stereotyping Muslims as terrorists, which news facts would tell that this stereotype justify military attack against Muslim nations. Another one is using stereotype to deny one group of their basic right to equal treatment and equal opportunity. For example, a gay teacher may be stereotyped as child molester or a sex pervert that may cause a hiring board to deny him employment even if he is educationally qualified or worse he is an easy target of these accusations. From a different viewpoint, stereotype in fact tells us the level of our understanding of people’s behavior, actions, and choices, which in another way tells also who we are – in effect by stereotyping other people, we are also stereotyping ourselves. For example, stereotyping tattooed persons as drug addicts only reveals our ignorance of art or of self-expression; stereotyping a feminist to be man-hater only reveals our ignorance of feminism; stereotyping a senior citizen to be mentally and physically weak only reveals our ignorance of the wisdom that comes with age; or stereotyping

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Finance - Essay Example The interstate and intrastate deregulation of the trucking industry in 1980 and 1994 that helped expand the industry from mere trucking of goods to lifting them by air that paved the way of the modernization of the package and parcel industry. UPS (United Postal Service) One of the companies that were established early was UPS (United Postal Service) which was known as UPS Air Operations back 1929. It closed shop during the recession and resumed operations in 1953 albeit its air operations were only limited to East and West coasts. By 1978, it was already operational in every state and was granted an authorization by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration to have its own aircraft. Fedex The second player to follow UPS in the package and parcel industry is Fedex which was incorporated in 1971 but only became operational on April 17, 1973. The name Fedex was derived from Fedreal Express at a time when its founder Fred Smith was in the process of securing a contract with Federal Reser ve Bank. Fedex begun international operations by 1975 and grew rapidly when it acquired Tiger International Inc. in 1989 and Caiiber System in 1998 which is now known as Fedex Ground. It also went early in the Chinese market when it acquired Evergreen Internation Airline’s cargo authority to deliver in China. Perhaps the multitude of services that delivery and package industry now offers to its customer can be attributed to Fedex because it first introduced services that we are now familiar today such as same day and next delivery, delivery guarantee, etch. DHL and TNT The other two competitors in package and parcel industry are DHL and TNT. DHL however differentiates itself from Fedex because it is more focused on the international market unlike UPS which caters to both. Its customer bases are located in Europe, Latin America, Middle East, Australia and Africa. Due to its focus on the international market, DHL was also the first company to provide China an express transporta tion service. TNT is also player in the package and parcel industry that like DHL is more focus on its international market. II. Evolution of the company's competitive position   Although Fedex’s entered in the industry later than UPS, it was however the pioneer of the many innovative services that are now practiced in the industry. It also started in the US domestic market but has geographically expanded its operation in a short period of time. It only started operations in 1973 but already had an international presence 16 years later (1989) with the acquisition of Tiger International Inc and Evergreen International Airlines. But perhaps it is Fedex’s innovativeness that revolutionized its competitive position. Many of the idea and the many options that customers enjoy now about parcel and package delivery were Fedex’s ideas. Fedex introduced the same day, next day delivery, deferred time specific delivery options, delivery guarantees and even the idea of tra cking numbers on monitoring the movements of packages and parcels. In addition to the traditional parcels and packages, Fedex also transcended its services to logistics and financial services. Having said this, it would be safe to conclude that the Fedex’s competitive position is brought and hedged on its innovativeness. III. Competitive position

ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE - Coursework Example Activity based costing is loved for its ability to enable the cost control team to enhance accuracy. Accuracy here is in terms of closeness to the actual cost and actual profitability of each product and service. ABC helps managers to have a better comprehension of the company’s actual costs as well as its returns on investments. The returns on investments are usually computed by considering the number of projects and activities that the business engages in. Accounting for costs (2010) show that ABC improves the accuracy levels through transforming some of the costs that traditional costing techniques deem not to be direct into direct costs. The process is done as follows; Firms that have applied ABC successfully did so by employing a number of strategic costing and management factors. The management of such firms does ensure they support and participate in every pricing decision. They have to know when to add or delete items from the product portfolio. Finally, they must know when to consider outsourcing or producing the product in-house (Plowman 2011, p.43). While performing all these, the management is always cautious about improving all the process initiatives. Activity Based Costing (ABC) is an organized style of passing on indirect costs to goods and services. It entails obtaining the cost of each activity drawn in the process of production and assigning costs to each product according to the use of each activity. Alternatively, activity-based costing (ABC) is a more refined way of costing goods and services. Activity based management is the application of ABC as a technique of managing costs at the activity level. It is an area that involves ensuring effective and efficient control f activities as to promote the product value and customer satisfaction. Activity Based Management makes use of the information obtained

Promoting Health in the Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Promoting Health in the Community - Essay Example Rates for attempted suicide related to depression register at a rate of 0.3% for men and 0.5% for women (Commonwealth of Australia, 2009). These statistics in Australia are alarming which incidentally reflect similar rates in the global scene. To address the problems of depression in the country, causes, risk factors, and prevention in the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels will be discussed to include strategies to overcome some barriers. Causes of depression Depression is caused by various factors. One is the cumulative negative life experiences such as violence, chronic poverty, divorce, and death (Burns, Andrews, & Szabo, 2002). In the same study, adversities experienced by individuals specifically in adolescents during their teen age years are identified as another cause. Teenagers with poor interpersonal skills and with negative thoughts result in peer relationship difficulties and in coping with family issues (Robinson, et.al. 2008). In addition, the individual’s c ognitive qualities exert some influence into a person’s interpretation of negative life events. ... Low self esteem is also considered a predictor of adolescent depression as reflected in their poor physical and academic performance in school. Individuals with poor social skills are likely to develop symptoms of depression of particular concern are those experiencing difficulties in maintaining social relationship (Cole, et.al. 2001). Lastly, workplace stress is also related to high incidents of depression. Potential health outcomes Depression can lead to a variety of health outcomes. First, it can bring about physical symptoms such as increased blood pressure, heart rate, palpitation, and headache which may result to stroke or heart attacks if it persists (Horn and Miller, 2008). Second, it alters the emotional aspect as evident in the person experiencing sadness, irritability, mood swings, and hostility. Next, it affects behaviour so that the person starts blaming others, becomes defensive among others. Eventually, it alters the cognitive dimension of the person predisposing him to poor memory, excessive daydreaming, trouble concentrating, and preoccupation. Prevention strategies Primary prevention Primary prevention involves reducing the incidences of the disorder to include modifying risk factors. Initially, the individual should involve herself in sport activities of his interest. Such physical activity may not only maintain physical wellness but it diverts the brain from processing depressive thought (Weaver, 2009) and it also turn off the mind from boring daily routines. Another is to practice relaxation exercises like yoga, meditation, and listening to soft music since these may unwind and recharge the body and soul. Exercise for adult has become a part of community

Monetary Policy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Monetary Policy - Article Example result of the country’s monetary policy which has reduced interest rates too record low levels with the aim of stimulating the economy by encouraging borrowing. the article also does observe that low interest rates can be beneficial to companies in the sense that they can borrow money cheaply. The article revisits the issue of pension plans which were used to compensate workers instead of using pay increments. While these plans were quite helpful, they currently seem unsustainable as companies that contribute to pensions struggle with costs. The authors crunch some numbers, noting that pension plan funding experienced a fall of $79 billion in 2012. Using examples of big companies, the authors are able to show the effect of falling interest rates on pension plans. For example, Monga and Ramsey (1) observe that falling interest rates in Europe and the United states have seen the company reduce its discount rate from 4.6 percent to 3.84 percent. Some of the companies mentioned in the article that are pouring cash into their pensions include General Motors, Boeing, Verizon Communications and AT&T. therefore, while low interest rates might encourage borrowing, they affect other economic aspects

Morality in Education and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Speech or Presentation

Morality in Education and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Speech or Presentation Example And this is similar to the way that the laws of science work in nature, laws of logic work for reason – all this means that there also exists a moral order. It is vital that we once again believe in a superior, unchanging moral order, and give it a proper and important place in the educational process. And this is why several people feel that morality education should be taught in schools. And this is not it. Schools also hold the responsibility to guide children in the step by step development procedure, and developing morals and ethical principles leads to proper development. Thus, it is indeed the responsibility of the school that it educates the children regarding the morals. It is important for moral education to be started very early on so that the morals are instilled in the child permanently. Moral education should begin at home and continue in school. However, it does not end there. It continues throughout a person’s life as he is involved in various situations and circumstances. The social forces continue to teach man about how to act morally and change and influence him. Moral education helps a person make appropriate decisions; it tells him the difference between right and wrong. One thing, however, is to be noted that morality is an abstract notion and everyone has a different view of it and the teacher will pass on to their students what they have in their mind. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is for the guarantee of the rights and freedoms of the people in Canada. They cannot be restricted by law, within limits that are reasonable and evidently justified in a free and independent society. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms takes care of human rights in Canada. The Charter is part of the law and the Constitution of Canada. The federal government is not allowed to arbitrarily change anything in the charter. She is also a paramount to the laws of any province or territory. The Ch arter makes sure that everyone in Canada is able to enjoy certain basic freedoms which are these: They have a right to any religion and freedom of conscience They are not restricted regarding their thought, religion and expression and they have freedom of media, such as press They have no restrictions regarding any peaceful assembly they want They are allowed to associate with whomsoever they wish (for example, membership in the union) These rights are known as fundamental freedoms since they are the basic rights allowed to every person living in Canada. However, the Charter does allow the Parliament to temporarily restrict some or all of these freedoms in certain situations; for instance the people may not be allowed the freedom of assembly when there is a war. Although the Charter gives the right of freedom of speech, student councils in majority of Canadian secondary schools are closely monitored and restricted by school administrations. So, basically, students do not have comple te rights over their speech, assembly or publishing what they want to. That means the Charter is not valid in this case although the courts may ask schools for justification regarding the limitations. Limiting students’ rights may be a good thing and also may not work out well. Good because it is important to take care of and maintain discipline in schools and educational institutions; and if students are given complete freedom they may take advantage of that. The bad part is

Themes by Means of Unique Style-Bishop Essay Example for Free

Themes by Means of Unique Style-Bishop Essay Elizabeth Bishop is known for using the same recurring themes throughout her thought-provoking poetry. Some of these themes include childhood experiences, travel, the natural world, loneliness, detachment and the art of writing itself. Each of these themes has introduced themselves to her by means of personal experiences throughout her life. In her poetry, she shares these particular issues with the reader by means of different styles. Some of her poems offer hints of certain themes, but are not obviously prominent on the first read, While many of her other poems are based solely on a particular issue throughout the whole poem. These elements of theme and style make her poetry a very interesting read. In my essay, I am going to discuss the themes and style throughout six of Bishop’s poems; â€Å"The Fish†, â€Å"The Prodigal†, â€Å"Questions of Travel†, â€Å"Sestina†, â€Å"First Death in Nova Scotia† and â€Å"Filling Station†. Elizabeth Bishop was once quoted to have said â€Å"I like painting probably better than I like poetry. † â€Å"The Fish† is certainly a very visual poem. I believe one of the predominant themes in this poem is the natural world. Her love of the natural world and its creatures is evident throughout as she describes the fish. Bishop catches this fish but does not carry out the norm of what any other person would do with the intent of catching a fish and succeeding to do so. Instead, she studies the fish. She looks and it, and looks closer until she can come up with some kind of conclusion about the animal. She uses clear visual detail to describe the fish and paint a vivid picture in the reader’s head of what this fish looks like and what it has been through. Here and there his brown skin hung in strips like ancient wallpaper, and its pattern of darker brown was like wallpaper. † â€Å"He was speckled with barnacles, fine rosettes of lime, and infested with tiny White Sea lice, and underneath two or three rags of green weed hung down. † Another theme that I noticed throughout this poem is the admiration for a survivor of life’s battles. Bishop personifies the fish in many ways throughout the poem, portraying it to have human-like traits and characteristics and that it is like a human in its ability to suffer and learn from that suffering. A five-haired beard of wisdom trailing from his aching jaw†. The word wisdom makes me think that fish has been through many ordeals throughout its life and has become wise from having learnt how to deal with the suffering it has endured. Bishop makes the fish look honourable. She appreciates this fish and looks up to it for surviving life’s battles. â€Å"Like medals with their ribbons’. She is referring to the old pieces of fishing line hooked onto the fish as rewards and proof that this fish had the strength to deal with the terror it had been through. I also noticed an element of helplessness and defeat throughout the poem. The fish seemed helpless, like it had given up fighting for its freedom, the evidence shown by the hooks in its mouth and its lack of struggle when it was caught. It was as if the fish had accepted defeat once and for all. It had fought as hard as it could throughout its life for its freedom, but there seemed to be no fight left in him. â€Å"He didn’t fight. He hadn’t fought at all. † Bishop seemed to be helpless in the sense that she could do nothing for this fish. As she sat there, examining every inch of it, realising his experiences and unravelling his pain, there was not much she could do to help him. She had effectively taken away his freedom. Fortunately, Bishop, as helpless as she was, discovered that letting the fish go was the best decision to make. She did not want to make this fish suffer anymore. â€Å"Until everything was rainbow, rainbow, rainbow! And I let the fish go. † â€Å"The Prodigal† is a poem based on a person who was forced to live among the pigs he looked after. The overall themes throughout the poem are alcoholism and depression. This may well have been written by Bishop to portray her past experiences as she battled with the same mental issues. In many ways, this poem could represent the inner turmoil she may have experienced when dealing with these illnesses. The main character in the poem is considering his surroundings through a drunken state of mind. Bishop uses detailed descriptions to describe the disgusting surroundings the alcoholic has to endure day to day. In many ways, the messy and dirty surroundings could be a reference to how an alcoholics mind is organised. The floor was rotten; the sty was plastered halfway up with glass-smooth dung. † In this poem, the alcoholic seems to have companionship with the pigs. They are his only friends, as disgusting and foul smelling as they are. One of the pigs in particular, the sow that ate her young, seems to be a very close friend of the alcoholic. These pigs could be seen to represent the alcohol in this person’s life. They are false friends. They represent short term happiness, short term companions, but in the end they are no benefit to this mans life whatsoever. Instead, they seem to be encouraging him. â€Å"The pig’s eyes followed him, a cheerful stare- Even to the sow that always ate her young†. The character in this poem seems to be marginalised, like Bishop was throughout her struggle with depression and alcoholism. He is unnoticed by society. Nobody wants to help him. Instead, everybody prefers to leave him wallowing in his own pigsty of a life, leaving him to do as he pleases. This could be similar to how Bishop felt when going through the same issues. She is portraying her struggle through this filthy man, who leads a filthy life. Another theme that I noticed in the poem is hope. This man has ruined his life and well-being for the sake of drink. He lives a dark depressed life, his only companion’s alcohol and pigs. However, nearer to the end of the poem, hope springs as this man re-evaluates his life and decides to make a change for the better. He is going to face his pride, go home and sort himself out and repair his relationships. â€Å"But it took him a long time finally to make his mind up to go home. †

The Performance Appraisal System In British Airways Commerce Essay

The Performance Appraisal System In British Airways Commerce Essay Effective People resources include not only the acquisition of quantity and quality of people, as well as management employees to endorse that performance is constantly reviewed, and at a level that meets the objectives of the organization. It is important that employees should know what is expected from of them, not only in terms of roles and responsibilities, but also in terms of performance. The research proposal involves mainly the performance appraisal system of British Airways. The study aims to analyze the performance, evaluation, monitoring, hearten and build up and improve their effectiveness, in turn contributes to the success of the organization. Performance appraisal includes an assessment of the employee, opinion for people and confrontation, as productivity can be improved. Definition of performance appraisal: Managing people at work of all fears in the management of the interaction between what is inside people have the human potential, and the inclination and needs, and the fact that in the work, i.e. quantity and quality output, and the satisfaction that people can get from their work. By BSPS 2003 expertise is regularly record the evaluation of the employee, the potential and development needs. Certification is an opportunity to take an overview of the work content, loads and volume, to look at what was achieved during the reporting period and agree objectives for the next Reference Organization: The structure of the worlds leading airline focused on improving operational efficiency and financial fit, In order to achieve strategic objectives. British Airways is necessary to measure HR performance in business and make their managers abide the responsibility for the delivery of objectives. British Airways is the UKs largest international scheduled airline, flying more than 550 destinations at convenient times, to the best located airports. Whether customers in the air or on the ground, British Airways is proud of providing a full service experience. British Airways group consists of British Airways PLC and a number of subsidiaries, including, in particular, British Airways Holidays Limited and British Airways Travel Shops Limited. __________________________________   Ã‚  Consultation, conciliation and arbitration (2003 employees Appraisal) Performance measurement and objective: My purpose of the study is to analyze and evaluate the activities of British Airways evaluation and performance management system, which is used to measure the effectiveness of staff I developed the following questions about the support of my statement of the problem: What is an appraisal management system, which is used in British Airways? What is the difference between the performance appraisal management in British Airways? What tools, techniques and standards, British Airways uses to analyze and evaluate effectiveness? As British Airways can increase their efficiency, quality, motivation and employee satisfaction? Objectives: There are a few goals of my research: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Measuring performance against goals and objectives, ie what has been achieved à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Measuring the performance of core competencies, ie how it was achieved à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Feedback results à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To improve communication and understanding between managers and staff à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ identification of functions that need to be improved à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ recognition and validation of performance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To fulfill the goals and objectives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identification of key competencies Literature Review 2,1 PAS: PAS is the official system, which assesses the quality organization.The managing people at work are most concerned about controlling the interaction between what is inside people have the human potential, aptitude and needs, and that in the work, ie quantity and quality of output, and the satisfaction that people can get from their work. People go to work, to apply their capabilities, inclinations and needs to target the organization of production of goods and services in the economic quantity and quality. To assess how well they perform in the organization to achieve its objectives is assessing effectiveness. According to official Gluck evaluation is a system created at the plant regularly and systematically assess the work of employees Although Kenney, Donnelly and Reed defined it as assessment of the employee on his staff strengths and weaknesses On the other hand, Anderson describes the performance appraisal as a tool for learning and development, he said if the strengths and weaknesses of the employee, not known, it would be only a coincidence that development efforts will be directed in the right direction. By BSPS 2003 expertise is regularly record the evaluation of the employee, the potential and development needs. Certification is an opportunity to take an overview of the work content, loads and volume, to look at what was achieved during the reporting period and agree objectives for the next Fletcher and Williams (in 1985) went even further. They said that judging people is not the only thing they do when they evaluate the effectiveness of rights. They believe that there are actually two conflicting roles, participating in the evaluation, ie, the referee and assistant. This certification can be seen, at least in theory, but a process that brings together all the various approaches to managing performance and allows managers to implement them. This procedure, which can both reward and discipline, through which employees can be a coach and counseling, as well as vehicles through which improvements in productivity can be negotiated. a.d.b.p p author. Date.book name. Place of publication, publisher What 2,2 PAS? PAS involves the identification, measurement and management of human activities in the organization, as shown in Figure 1.1 Figure 1.1: Model evaluation 2.2.1 Identification: This means determining the direction of the manager should consider when measuring performance. The first step in the implementation of the evaluation process is to determine what to measure. It must be rational and legally justified on the basis of analysis work. The process of determining the performance dimensions very similar to the work of the analysis. The evaluation system should focus on performance, which affects the organizational success, not the performance is irrelevant characteristics such as race, age or sex. Definition of performance measurement is one of the most important steps in the process of certification. If you missed, it will demoralize the staff, because he will not be recognized in this dimension. In addition, if a value dimension included employees may perceive the process as meaningless. 2.2.2 Units of measurement: The second part of the evaluation is to measure employee performance. This entails making management decisions, as good or employee Bad was or is. The good results of the measurements should be consistent throughout the organization. All managers in the organization must maintain comparable standards of evaluation. Measuring employee involves assigning number reflects the performance of the employee to determine characteristics or dimensions. In general, this measurement is to determine the level of performance to judge the quantity, quality, timeliness and / or economic performance with a set of standards. For example, what has been achieved? It can also serve as a basis for determining when these achievements deserve special recognition. It is difficult to quantify the performance measurements. E.g. Creativity can be one of the important aspects of the advertising copywriter, but the measure creativity is difficult. How can you measure creativity? This is the number of ads written year The number of ads win industry awards, Or any other criterion? These are some of the issues that managers will face when trying to assess the effectiveness of the employee. 2.2.3 Management: The Office is the main objective of any evaluation system. Score more than in the past-oriented activities, which criticizes or praises employees for their work in the previous year, rather, an assessment should perspective view of the fact that the employee can do to realize their potential in the organization. This means that the manager must ensure that workers with feedback and coach them to higher levels of productivity. 2,3 is the difference between the results of evaluation and performance management It is usually assumed that the performance appraisal is the same as Performance Management. But there are significant differences. PAS is an important part of performance management. This in itself is not performance, but is one of the tools that can be used to manage performance. First, we must understand the word performance. What does that word mean? It is important to clarify what it means. There are different views on that performance. Bates and Holton said that The performance of a multidimensional construct, the measurement of which varies depending on various factors. Kane (1996) argues that performance is that people leave behind and that there is a separate form of goals. According to Al Bernadine and others performance should be defined as the work because they provide a strong connection with the strategic objectives of the organization, customer satisfaction and economic contribution. The initial value of productivity in the Oxford Dictionary is the achievement, performance, conduct, develop anything ordered or undertaken. From this we can pass on performance of doing the work, as well as about the result achieved. As productivity Campbell behavior, and should be distinguished from the result, because the behavior may be infected system factors A more complete picture of the performance behavior of hugs and out forward. It is well placed Brumbrach:   Performance means that both behaviors and results. The behavior comes from the artist and transform the performance of abstraction to action. Not only documents the results, the behavior and results in themselves a product of mental and physical effort in relation to problems and can judge, except the results. Now we know that the performance of both inputs (the behavior) and outputs (results) groups, individual or organization. PAS can be defined as a formal evaluation and assessment of people on their heads. On the other hand performance on the management of the organization. This strategy that we are talking about broader issues and long-term goals. Performance management is a natural process management rather than systems or equipment. Armstrong and Baron (1998) to determine the effectiveness of management, such as: The process, which contributes to the effective management of individuals and groups in order to achieve a high level of organizational effectiveness. Thus, it establishes a common understanding of what needs to be achieved, and the approach to leading and developing people who will ensure this is achieved. According to Armstrong, Baron (1998) Performance management should be a device or means to ensure that managers of good governance. Managers must ensure that individuals or groups they manage: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Know and understand what is expected of them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Have the skills necessary to meet these expectations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supports the organization in developing the capacity to meet these expectations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ We give feedback. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Be able to discuss and contribute to individual and team goals and objectives. The differences between them, and summed up Armstrong and Baron are in Table 1.1 Performance evaluation of management effectiveness From top to bottom evaluation of a collaborative process based on dialogue The annual assessment meeting constant review with one or more formal reviews Use of estimates Rating least Monolithic System Flexible process The focus on quantitative goals focus on values and behavior, as well as goals Often linked to pay less likely to be a direct link to pay Bureaucratic complex documents Documentation kept to a minimum Owner The owner of the personnel department line manager